What Are the Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse

Conditional statements make appearances everywhere. In mathematics or elsewhere, it doesn’t take long to run into something of the form â€Å"If P then Q.† Conditional statements are indeed important. What is also important are statements that are related to the original conditional statement by changing the position of P, Q and the negation of a statement. Starting with an original statement, we end up with three new conditional statements that are named the converse, the contrapositive, and the inverse. Negation Before we define the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of a conditional statement, we need to examine the topic of negation. Every statement in logic is either true or false. The negation of a statement simply involves the insertion of the word â€Å"not† at the proper part of the statement. The addition of the word â€Å"not† is done so that it changes the truth status of the statement. It will help to look at an example. The statement â€Å"The right triangle is equilateral† has negation â€Å"The right triangle is not equilateral.† The negation of â€Å"10 is an even number† is the statement â€Å"10 is not an even number.† Of course, for this last example, we could use the definition of an odd number and instead say that â€Å"10 is an odd number.† We note that the truth of a statement is the opposite of that of the negation. We will examine this idea in a more abstract setting. When the statement P is true, the statement â€Å"not P† is false. Similarly, if P is false, its negation â€Å"not ​P† is true. Negations are commonly denoted with a tilde ~. So instead of writing â€Å"not P† we can write ~P. Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse Now we can define the converse, the contrapositive and the inverse of a conditional statement. We start with the conditional statement â€Å"If P then Q.† The converse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If Q then P.†The contrapositive of the conditional statement is â€Å"If not Q then not P.†The inverse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If not P then not Q.† We will see how these statements work with an example. Suppose we start with the conditional statement â€Å"If it rained last night, then the sidewalk is wet.† The converse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If the sidewalk is wet, then it rained last night.†The contrapositive of the conditional statement is â€Å"If the sidewalk is not wet, then it did not rain last night.†The inverse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If it did not rain last night, then the sidewalk is not wet.† Logical Equivalence We may wonder why it is important to form these other conditional statements from our initial one. A careful look at the above example reveals something. Suppose that the original statement â€Å"If it rained last night, then the sidewalk is wet† is true. Which of the other statements have to be true as well? The converse â€Å"If the sidewalk is wet, then it rained last night† is not necessarily true. The sidewalk could be wet for other reasons.The inverse â€Å"If it did not rain last night, then the sidewalk is not wet† is not necessarily true. Again, just because it did not rain does not mean that the sidewalk is not wet.The contrapositive â€Å"If the sidewalk is not wet, then it did not rain last night† is a true statement. What we see from this example (and what can be proved mathematically) is that a conditional statement has the same truth value as its contrapositive. We say that these two statements are logically equivalent. We also see that a conditional statement is not logically equivalent to its converse and inverse. Since a conditional statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent, we can use this to our advantage when we are proving mathematical theorems. Rather than prove the truth of a conditional statement directly, we can instead use the indirect proof strategy of proving the truth of that statement’s contrapositive. Contrapositive proofs work because if the contrapositive is true, due to logical equivalence, the original conditional statement is also true. It turns out that even though the converse and inverse are not logically equivalent to the original conditional statement, they are logically equivalent to one another. There is an easy explanation for this. We start with the conditional statement â€Å"If Q then P†. The contrapositive of this statement is â€Å"If not P then not Q.† Since the inverse is the contrapositive of the converse, the converse and inverse are logically equivalent.

Elements of the Statement of Work Essay Example

Essays on Elements of the Statement of Work Essay The paper "Elements of the Statement of Work" is an outstanding example of an essay on finance and accounting. The statement  of work comprises of ideological issues related to the purpose of the intended activity. A number of deliberations must be taken in order to have an effective statement of work. This paper will focus on elements of the Statement of Work considered necessary for the purchasing of services of financial auditors to help with the annual audit.  In order to determine the elements necessary to purchase a financial auditor, a number of things must be prioritized. It would be vital to outline the required major deliverables and a timeline of when they are expected (Michael, 2008). This should be in line with the tasks involved in delivering these deliverables. In light of this, resources required need to be identified, together with the party involved for settling down the costs.The organization should consider having a statement of work on the basis of its effect iveness. In this regard, the process should indicate the degree to which the process output conforms to what is right for the organization. If the intended purpose of the process of the audit is not clearly stated, the results of the process may not be necessary. Moreover, the process must be efficient; this is the degree to which the process of audit produces the required output in relation to resource cost (Kerzner, 2009). The output should have minimum resource cost. In addition, the process should assure the quality of the required expectations. There is a need to have a process that measures whether the intended work can be done correctly and on time. Since the audit might produce a report implicating some employees of the organization, the process should take care of the overall health of the organization including the working environment of its employees. A clear evaluation of the effects of the activity and its outcome should conform to the goals of the organization (Spitzer , 2007). In fact, the evaluation and the decision to hire audit services should be based on the value-added by the process.   With such deliberations and in situations where the organization’s financial status review has taken a long time without evaluation, the financial auditor may be needed to assist the organization in preparation of the fund accountability statement in reference to the books and records maintained by the organization (Pickett, 2010). This means that the auditor must review direct and indirect costs billed to by the organization. In addition, the auditor must review general and program ledgers to determine the authenticity of documentation of costs. The audit must also provide a detailed procurement review on whether sound commercial practices such as competition, prices, and adequate control were employed in line with quantities and qualities received.Remuneration of employees is also a vital component of the audit report which the audit must have the capacity to review. The audit must determine whether salary rates are reasonable for the positions held by the employees, and in accordance with the laws and regulations (Pickett, 2010). Another component of the audit review that the audit must review is the organization's assets. The auditor must have the capacity to determine whether assets were used according to the terms of related agreements. In addition to this, the audit must determine whether the technical assistance and services used by the organization are used for their intended purposes (Pickett, 2010).ConclusionA statement of work should contain different elements of considerations for the intended activity to be employed by the organization. In regard to the purchasing of services of financial auditors to help with the annual audit, it would be vital to outline the effectiveness of the financial auditors, how efficient the process of financial audit can be, and above all, the value added by the financial audit services .

Natural Disasters and Health Care Free Essays

Impact of Natural Disasters on Health Care Submitted by – Dalton Divakaran MS Health Care Management University of Texas at Dallas Index Introduction Types of Disasters Effects of Disaster on Economy Effect of Disaster on Health Care Organization * Sudden Influx * Damage to Facilities * Inadequately Prepared * Specialty Treatment Availability Effects on the Population * Immediate Health Impact * Long-Term Impacts Steps in Disaster Management * Mitigation * Preparedness * Response * Recovery Real Incident Study * Background: * Immediate Response Considerations: * Evacuation: Special Immediate Concerns: * Recovery Process: * Facility Considerations: * Lessons Learned at This Point in Response/Recovery: * Takeaways from this incident: Conclusion References Introduction According to dictionary. com Disasters means â€Å"a calamitous event, especially one occurring suddenly and causing great loss of life, damage, or hardship, as a flood†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Disasters such as Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, tornados, epidemic disease outbreaks and more can damage any population and have a tremendous effect on the health care organizations that respond. Many health care organizations face major challenges during natural disasters. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many different causes for those challenges. According to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, in 2002, international disasters affected 608 million people and killed more than 24,000. The recent natural disaster in the United States for this year 2011(May 22, 2011) was the tornado Joplin in Missouri; 160 fatalities were reported in this natural disaster. Types of Disasters I. Natural disasters E. g. : Avalanches, Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions. II. Hydrological disasters E. g. : Floods, Tsunamis. III. Meteorological disasters E. g. : Blizzards, Cyclonic storms, Droughts, Hailstorms, Heat waves, Tornadoes, Fires. IV. Health disasters E. g. : Epidemics, Famines V. Space disasters E. g. : Impact events, Solar flares, Gamma ray burst. VI. Technological disasters: E. g. : Chemical spills. VII. Complex emergencies: E. g. : Civil wars and conflicts. Effects of Disaster on Economy Developing countries suffer more economic losses than developed countries. The common factor is that, the poor are the ones who suffer the most, in both developed and developing nations. Although the total economic loss in dollars is greater in developed countries, the percentage of losses relative to the gross national product in developing countries far exceeds that of developed nations. Technological disasters and complex emergencies are not easily predictable. The major source of disasters in the 21st century may be due to rapid increase of Technological hazards, unregulated industrialization of developing countries and the globalization of the chemical industry. Effect of Disaster on Health Care Organization Sudden Influx * The biggest challenge after an aftermath is to provide emergency treatment. The sudden influx of patients to a facility and the need for emergency responders in many places at the same time puts a strain on the health care organizations in the local area. Outside sources like the Red Cross would pitch-in for help in rescue and relief operations in the following days of the incident. However, the responsibility of handling the initial emergency care lies with the local health care departments. Damage to Facilities * The other effects of natural disaster are the lossdegrading of equipment and facility due to sudden spurt in the patients handled at the same time. The demand for all possible medical resources is the possibility that some of the resources may not be available because of direct damage from the natural disaster itself. For example floods may disrupt power supply required to run many equipments at the rescue center. Inadequately Prepared * Even though areas are more susceptible to certain natural disasters, such as earthquakes along a fault line or tornados in the South, they still strike with little or no warning. This throws the health care’s schedule out of the ordinary routine. The facility may not be completely prepared for what comes next. Emergency preparedness plans improve the chances that the organization will be able to respond effectively in the event of a natural disaster, whatever said and done it is never a guarantee that when and what magnitude a calamity occurs. Specialty Treatment Availability * Some disasters are not common like the storms, earthquakes and tsunamis. Epidemic outbreaks of infectious disease are something which needs utmost care to stop them from spreading to the others. It is not just to take care of emergency relief but also to quickly and efficiently protect the rest of the population. It is more challenging when there is no existing vaccine or known treatment. At this instance the role of health care organizations becomes even more important. These organizations must work to treat the patients and protect themselves while labs attempt to figure out a way to stop the infection from spreading. Effects on the Population A population’s vulnerability to all types of disasters depends on demographic growth, settlement in unsafe areas, environmental degradation, the pace of urbanization, unplanned development and climate change. Poverty thrives due to lack of access to healthy and safe environment. Poor education and awareness also poises risk to population. The effects of disaster on population can be broadly categorized into: 1. Immediate Health Impact 2. Long-Term Impacts These are explained below: Immediate Health Impact Short-term losses fall under three categories that have both direct and indirect effects: I. Disability, Illness, and Death; II. Direct losses in infrastructure; and III. Loss or disruption in health care delivery. Long-Term Impacts It is primarily a matter of building institutional ability and human resources, and includes: I. Identifying vulnerability to natural hazards or other calamities; II. Building simple solutions for such occurrence in the future; III. Initiating a changedevelopment among the main factors to develop a basic plan that outlines the responsibilities of each factor in the health sector, identifying possible overlaps or gaps and building a consensus to create an effective healthcare system; IV. Maintaining close collaboration with these main factors; and V. Educating the first health responders and managers to face the special challenges of responding to disasters. Steps in Disaster Management * Mitigation – To minimize the effects of disaster. Examples: Zoning; Vulnerability analyses; Public education. * Preparedness – Planning how to respond. Examples: Preparedness plans; Emergency exercises/training; Warning systems. * Response – Efforts in minimizing the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: Search and rescue; Emergency relief, Finding alternative sources for relief. * Recovery – Restore the community or organization to business as usual. Examples: Temporary housing; Grants; Medical care. Mitigation Preparedness Response Recovery Fig: Phases of Disaster Management Mitigation Mitigation is to reduce the intensity of a risk. Mitigation activity decreases the probably of the same disaster reoccurring. It includes vulnerability analyses updates; zoning and land use management; building use regulations and safety codes; preventive health care; and public education. Preparedness Preparedness is to have the health care crew on toes during an emergency situation. It is to achieve a level of readiness to handle any emergency situations. Preparedness can take form of education of rescue elief during emergencies. This may include rehearsals as well. Also it helps to ensure an optimum reserve of medicine, food, water, equipments and other essentials maintained for emergencies. Like mitigation activities, preparedness actions also depend on the appropriate measures in national and regional development plans. Response Response is to react to emergency situations to maintain life, sustain injuries and support the morale of the affected. It also includes providing transport, temporary shelter and food for the affected. Charitable organizations often play a major role in this phase of the disaster management cycle. Recovery Recovery is to bring back the affected population to normal life. Recovery measures both short and long term, include restoring life with minimum operating standard, temporary shelter, reconstruction and economic impact studies . This period brings many opportunities to boost prevention, increase vigilance and thus reducing helplessness. Real Incident Study August 2, 2011 Medical Response to Joplin Tornado May 22, 2011 Background: A tornado warning was issued by the National Weather Services on May 22, 2011 at 5:17 p. m. The tornado was rated an EF-5 with winds exceeding 200 mph. It traveled from west to east along 32nd street cutting a path ? to 1 mile wide over 13. 8 miles. The tornado eye was approximately 300 yards wide. Mercy St. Johns Hospital took a direct hit, initial and secondary, on the west facade with duration of approximately 45 seconds. There was a pause as the eye passed through the facility. * 160 deaths in the community resulted from this storm. * 8000 structures were destroyed. 400 businesses destroyed, * 8 school buildings destroyed, * 18,000 vehicles destroyed and * 4,500 jobs displaced. When St. Johns took the direct hit from the tornado initially the generators were destroyed, the roof was destroyed and most of which landed in the parking lots and on top of other facility equipment. All communications was immediately lost. The facility fire suppression sprinklers discharged and lines were broken. Several walls and floors were damaged. Doors were torn from their hinges, all of the glass was blown out of the building except the high impact shatter resistant glass in the psychiatric ward, gas lines were broken, sewer lines were destroyed with raw sewage projected throughout the facility, and 86 medical offices were destroyed. The oxygen tank was severely damaged and discharged all of the liquid oxygen. There was a strong smell of natural gas throughout the building and all over the campus. Water discharged by the fire suppression system left the rooms and hallways with 3 to 6 inches of standing water. The air evacuation helicopter was destroyed. Typically the helicopter would have been moved to a local airport; however, the storm track did not predict impact to the hospital and there weather conditions prevented safe flight. All Hospital’s vehicles, except a John Deere tractor, were destroyed and the emergency trailer was found in pieces several blocks away. Everyone in the facility panicked that they were going to die, nurses evacuated patients to the hallways per their procedures and at the time of impact nurses covered patients with their bodies to offer as much protection as possible. IV’s were ripped from patients’ arms, the IV poles became projectiles, and several patients were bleeding as a result. The ceilings collapsed, electrical, IT, and HVAC equipment dropped and littered the hallways. All emergency lights and exit signs were ripped from their mounts and were useless. Both incident command centers were destroyed and Emergency Operations Plans (EOP) lost in the debris. The facility was filled with hazardous waste and the radioactive material was unsecured. Outside debris was mixed and power lines were down. Note: If the tornado had moved just two blocks south Freeman would also have been destroyed. Freeman did suffer some physical damage that resulted in internal evacuation of at least 6 patient rooms. Immediate Response Considerations: There were many immediate considerations that had to be made. If the generators were started, then there was an extremely high probability of electrocution and possible explosion from natural gas. Various ways for communication should be arranged. Communications is not yet interoperable. Security forces and public safety could not communicate with each other due to variation is radio systems. Ambulance radios became the communication infrastructure during the initial response. Staff management is vital. Sufficient staff should be available for relief. Drug dispensing machines are useless in this type of a disaster. Staff had to break into the machines to gain access to life saving drugs. ID badges need to be backed up with wallet identification cards for employees. Several staff members lost their homes and automobiles and the badges went with them in many cases. National Guard troops refused to allow staff into the area because of no identification. Pharmacies need to be guarded with armed security. Have strong security so that people won’t run away with cars they do not own. The hospital needs access to several utility terrain vehicles (UTV) for equipment and patient transport. Same uniform, common identification and common radio frequencies are required for the security team for easy identity. Remember that even the staffs require food, water and rest. Evacuation: Within a few hours St. Johns evacuated 183 patients, completed one surgical case while the storm was in progress, had 1 patient in the PACU, 24 ED patients and 28 critical care patients were among the evacuees. Evacuation was a tough job. This rescue team used what is described as the reverse START process found in our evacuation plan. The team discharged most of the patients they could. Some had no home to go to and opted to stay in the health care system as long as possible. Patient tracking was a nightmare. It took about 4 days to positively locate all of the evacuated patients. Many were sent to hospitals a great distance from St. Johns. The usage of heliport was not practicable and two temporary heliports were constructed in the parking lot. Anything that could be used to move a patient was used. Hospital evacuation sleds, mattresses, doors, wheelchairs, and mattresses were used to move patients down 9 flights of stairs that were dark and littered with debris. The Hospital had three predetermined collection points (muster stations) to evacuate to. This helped them to identify the patients and giving accountability for staff. Special Immediate Concerns: Staffs and physician homes were looted while they were trying to save other. There were attempts to loot property and drugs from the hospital and physicians’ offices. Hospitals need deployable incident command centers rather than fixed. Intra-operation communications was an immediate and continuing concern. Security forces could not be identified since they came in variety of uniforms. There was no common identification and no common radio frequency. Hospitals need the ability to install at least a 6’ steel chain link fence around the perimeter as soon as possible following the initial event. Know your staff was personally affected by the storm, many lost family members and homes. Many were not prepared to see the level of trauma and had difficulty dealing with the reality of this event. Nearly all required debriefing and employee support services. Special equipments are required for immediate rescue. Know whom your local, state, and federal response partners are and have an established relationship with them prior to any event. In an event of this magnitude, if you try to survive in your facility you cannot do it. You will need to evacuate the facility as soon as safe to do so. Everyone should be included during the planning process. It is important to acknowledge that although a given natural disaster may last for only a short period; survivors can be involved with the disaster aftermath for months or even years. Recovery Process: The first step is security of the facility and campus. The next morning after the event the mass evacuation was complete and the facility was cleared. As stated earlier, contracted security forces need to be in the same uniform and on the same radio frequencies as the Hospital security forces so that the recovery process goes smooth. Arrangement for vehicles and fuel should be done and agreements must be in place to have them delivered from locations outside the affected area. The types of vehicles needed should be predetermined. The delivery mechanism should be established very effectively to even work without any phone service. Tent operations became the first means of providing medical services followed by portable facilities. Facility Considerations: During Disasters even emergency power outlets may not operate. Assuming you can use a power generator, consider the following facilities: * Camera’s intended for security purpose should be on power generator. Lighting on emergency power needs to be evaluated. * Exit signs, stairs should be marked with photo luminescent tape or paint. * Knowledge on how to shut down utilities and medical gases quickly and establish a protocol for this procedure. * Proper lightning should be maintained in parking lots and facility areas during recovery phase. * The facility should be considered unstable until cleared by structural engineers. * Secure wiring, HVAC components, piping and light fixtures correctly above ceilings. * Plan for rapid deployment and connection trailer mounted equipment, portable buildings, and portable equipment. Debris removal is lengthy and complex. Lessons Learned at This Point in Response/Recovery: * Intra department communication is a must. If the Hospital and response partners are not on common frequencies then effective communication will not be possible. * Purchase solar charging stations for cellular phones and radio batteries. * Social networks or texting services may not be available during disaster. Effective alternative ways to communicate should be taught to the staffs. * Telephone landlines and support from IT are vital. Electronic Medical Records were essential to the continuum of patient care and for identification of practitioners who were in the facility at the time of impact. * Know that your reserve supplie s will be inadequate or may be lost. A 96 hour cache of supplies may last as few as 4 hours because of the unanticipated demand. * If the generators operated the potential exists for several deaths by electrocution or explosion. * Stairwell lighting will be lost. JCMH egress lighting is all generator fed with no battery emergency lighting. * Manage staff and provide staff support, including mental health services. This will help them in taking quick decision. * Security of the building is critical. You have to protect your resources. * Badges will be lost during this type of event. Have wallet identification cards for your staff. Takeaways from this incident: * What you practice is what you do. * Knowledge of response partners, local, state, and federal. * Rehearsals with your community partners for rescue related activities. * Add patient slippers/shoes to your weather plan. Have on bed during Code Grey Level I. * Warehousing emergency supplies and to make it easily accessible even without transport facility. Have emergency kits throughout the facility with pens, pencils, paper, and medical record forms. Also include gloves, masks, flashlights, and batteries. * Develop a common triage tag and process. It is best to have a standard triage system. Share and follow it with all of the hospitals in your region. * You need to develop a rapid response team for security and a component of the securit y team will need to be armed. * Staff adequately during such events. * Efficient disbursement of supplies (Medicines, food etc) among staff for patient care and personal use. Consider staff physical and psychological needs – shift relief, food, rest, and debriefing. * Many storms usually have a follow- up storm and to be ready to minimize damage caused to structure and building (eg: Glass debris)during such events.. * The Joint Commission will arrive on site to assist with reestablishment of services and they proved to be a valuable resource. * Establish â€Å"Scrub Racks† with many sizes of scrubs to keep staff in suitable clothing. Conclusion Natural disasters are crisis situations. However, with planning, costly and ineffective interventions can be avoided. Improvisation and rush inevitably come with a high price, and there are many things health officials ought to avoid— preferential use of expatriate health professionals; emergency procurement and airlifting of food, water, and supplies that often are available locally or that remain in storage for long periods of time; the tendency to adopt dramatic measures— all contribute to making disaster relief one of the least cost effective health activities. . The occurrence of a major disaster can be the initial catalyst that helps health authorities recognize that disasters are a public health risk that must be addressed in an organized manner. Yet, preparedness cannot wait. A continual effort is needed to reduce possibility, by decreasing weakness through elimination and minimization and by increasing potential through ability methods. There needs to be a continuum between normal development, preparedness, and disaster response activities. Disasters are not likely to decrease in the foreseeable future. A sustained effort is needed to minimize risk, by reducing vulnerability through prevention and mitigation and by increasing capacity through preparedness measures. Disasters need to be addressed on a long-term and institutionalized basis through an established ministry of health program or department for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response for all types of disasters. References * Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: A practical guide. WHO, 2002. * Disaster Help, US Department of Homeland Security. * Green Paper on Disaster Management, Department of Provincial and Local Government, South Africa * http://www. ehow. com/list_6847852_effects-disasters-health-care-organizations. tml#ixzz1epfIqgRL * Guide to Emergency Management Planning in Health CareBy Joint Commission Resources, Inc * http://www. scsrc. org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Joplin_Tornado_Trip_Report. pdf * http://www. himss. org/content/files/ambulatorydocs/BridgeheadWhitePaper_HealthcareDisasterRecovery. pdf * http://www. healthcaredisasterplanning. org/ * http://www. sans. org/reading_room/whitepapers/hipaa/disaster-recovery-healthcare-organizations-impact -hipaa-security_1336 * http://pandemic. wisconsin. gov/docview. asp? docid=14447 * http://www. dcp2. org/file/121/ How to cite Natural Disasters and Health Care, Essay examples

Organization Development and Change Stakeholder Mental Model

Question: Discuss about theOrganization Development and Change for Stakeholder Mental Model. Answer: Analysis of Stakeholder Mental Model Income Inequality in Philippines Stakeholders Mental Models Identities (roles) assumed Assumptions Beliefs/ Values Attitudes/ typical behavior Government agencies -Peoples protector -Initiate projects to alleviate poverty -Will oversee fairness to all citizens. -Will act in the best interest of the people -Will not steal from the public covers -Will always act in neutrality to all people -Neutrality to all - Integrity -Impartiality - Not neutral to all - Community Groups and Civil Society Organization -Champions for the rights of the citizens. -raise concerns on behalf of the people should the government mistreats them. - Will always protect the poor -Integrity -Fairness -Neutral -Fair Political Parties -Champion for the rights of the citizens -Sponsors bills to help the poor -Will always advocate for its supporters - Partial -Equality -democratic - Not so democratic Government agencies always have a role of protecting her people and ensuring that all citizens regardless of social status receive equal treatment. It is assumed that the government always acts in the best interest of the people and beliefs in neutrality and integrity. But the attitude is always different especially after elections. Her decision making can be said to be hierarchical. More weight is given to the opinions of the senior government officials regarding the issues of income inequality in Philippines and any other government decision. Community groups and civil society organizations have strong identities in championing for the rights of the citizens especially the vulnerable in the society because most of them are formed for this purpose. They are assumed to always stand for the poor and protect them. They believe in equity and fairness for all and are very democratic and fair in what they do. The background here is that of egalitarianism has they involve everyone in decision they make. The Political parties are always overzealous on the rights of the people especial its supporters and have roles of sponsoring bills to parliament to champion for the rights of the poor.They are assumed to be advocate for their supporters and belief in equality and democracy. The political parties are not democratic in practice. Their view on one issue depends on their interests and political ambitions. They exhibit individualistic backgrounds norms and values. Critically Consider/ Briefly Describe/ State When tackling the wicked problem the government plays the role of policy development and resource allocation in a bid to resolve the issues of income inability in Philippines. The Civil groups agitate for these policy changes while the political parties sponsor the bills through their legislators in the parliament.(Proceedings of the joint AFAC, 2006) The new government is filled with rage and emotions because the previous regimes talked about reducing income inequality but it didnt. Same thing applies to the civil groups. They are rearing to make wholesale changes including bringing federal government to help distribute the resources and reduce income inequality among the poor and the rich. The political parties which make up the congress are accused of being corrupt and demanding money before supporting any bill. The espoused theories and theories-in use do not match perfectly because of the issue of corruption on the part of the politicians in congress. What needs to be done is the President to summon congress and persuade them into buying his idea of federal government. The entrenched undemocratic nature of the political parties hinders progress towards goal and this can be resolved through intense lobbying by the government in a good way for them to buy into the idea of supporting good deeds being done by the new government.( Bee, Berzins, Calam, Pryjmachuk, Abel, 2013) Looking at the issues raised on what the previous regimes have been doing or not been doing and bribery allegations against the congress and by extension the politicians, then it has been appreciated that the entrenched culture have a very strong bearing on the decisions and actions taken by any group will depend on its believes and values and measures have been suggested to mitigate them. The stakeholders are concerned on a number of issues which might hinder the process of bridging economic inequality in Philippines through the federal government. Concerns about if the congress will support the change in constitution - as it has a long history of opposing any change to the constitution - to create new system of government that will address the inequality in Philippines. The federal system of government which will ensure every part of the Philippines receive its fair share of the national resources. ("Journal of Political Economy", 2016) I t will require approximately one year to have all the discussions done with all the stake holders and also educate the public on the meaning of the new system of government being proposed. This will also provide ample time for budgetary allocations that will support the new government and thats fair enough. References Bee, P., Berzins, K., Calam, R., Pryjmachuk, S., Abel, K. (2013).Defining Quality of Life in the Children of Parents with Severe Mental Illness: A Preliminary Stakeholder-Led Model.Plos ONE, 8(9), e73739. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073739 Journal of Political Economy. (2016). Journal Of Political Economy, 124(4). https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/688673 Nassreddine, G. Anis, J. (2012). Stakeholder approach, Stakeholders mental model: A visualization test with cognitive mapping technique. Management Science Letters, 2(2), 439-456. https://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2012.01.012 Proceedings of the joint AFAC.(2006). [Melbourne, Vic.].

Horror movie Essay Example

Horror movie Paper * Usually, horror movies are set at night or in the dark as this is usually when people feel the most insecure which relates to the audiences real life * Horror movies almost always contain a scene that makes the audience jump. The audience are intrigued by this as it makes them feel tense, as the situation builds up but therefore encourages the audience to read on * Some typical slasher movies may contain some sort of mystery which leads the audience to question who is or are the potential villains within the plot. This is used to interest the audience, and to encourage them to watch until the end to find out who caused all of the horror within the story. * Every horror movie needs to contain a victim and a villain. Villains can be anything from monsters, aliens, vampires, or just your average everyday people. Although, usually the victims within a story are women as they are known to be some of the most vulnerable people. This adds success to horror movies as young women watching the movie are going to be encouraged to find the movie scarier as they may imagine themselves to be in the same situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Horror movie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Horror movie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Horror movie specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Modern horror movies contain many special effects in order to make the movie more realistic to the human eye, and therefore making it again scarier for the audience to watch as they picture themselves within the same situation * Some horror movies however, leave some of the special effects to the imagination. For example, the movie The human centipede displays across the idea to the reader of a messed up surgeon having a sick fantasy of creating a human centipede. The actual creation of this isnt shown within the movie and is infact left to the audiences imagination. This encourages the reader to be interested to watch the film as they are given the chance to make their own assumptions about how everything happened within the film, and then are then lead to potentially more awful thoughts. * Music plays an extremely big part in the creation of horror movies. Especially tense music that gets louder over time as this creates suspense within the movie and leaves the audience on the edge of their seats. Usually, tense music is used in order to build up to a scene that either shocks or makes the audience jump. By letting the audience become aware of the fact that the film may make them jump this weirdly makes them want to carry on and watch the movie. * Gore and violence are commonly used within horror movies as it is not something that humans typically want to come across in their life time, and this adds to the shock of the whole horror movie genre. * A lot of more modern horror movies carry a physiological sense which provides the audience with a false sense of security. For example, the movie Physco shows a woman in a shower, which is usually a place where a woman would typically feel safe, but this security is taken away from her as she is stabbed to death within her shower. This shocks audiences, and encourages them to be scared that this may potentially happen to them. Movies like this may stick in humans minds after watching the movie, and even scare them afterwards when they are in the same situation. Within our horror movie Santas Sack we have mainly used the physiological aspect of the horror movie genre. The fact that the movie will contain a killer Santa Claus who acts on Christmas Eve will shock the audience as this is typically known as a happy time for most humans. This provides the audience with a false sense of security of Christmas time, and will intrigue them to watch what happens. The movie will also be set at night, which is a typically know place for horror movies to be set as this is however somewhere where humans typically dont feel safe. An example of another horror movie which uses the aspect of a false sense of security is The Grudge. This movie uses places such as someones bed to place someones murder, which is usually a place where a person would feel safe. Therefore, taking away the safe aspect of the persons bed. We have decided to choose a little girl named Molly to play the victim within our short horror movie as this is a typically know generic horror movie convention. Molly will be displayed to be your typical sweet gullible little girl who is let in for a shock when she realises Santa Claus isnt who she expected. Also, the fact that the little girl is going to be murdered will shock the audience, and intrigue the audience into watching the rest of the film. The generic convention of a false sense of security will then be used later on in the film when the movie plays on the song Santa Claus is coming to town. Earlier on in the movie, Molly and her little brother Max will be shown to be singing the song cheerfully whilst decorating the Christmas tree. Later on, when Molly is displayed to be dying she sings the song in a slow and daunting way with the words altered which will intend to creep the audience out. This is also a false sense of security as the song is a well known happy song that represents Christmas time around the world. The slow pace that Molly is going to sing the song as may also stick in the audiences mind and make the movie have a lasting impression which shocks the audience. The end of the movie will be left to the audiences imagination as we are not actually going to display what happens to the character of Molly. This will leave the ending to the audiences imagination and will encourage them to think of more sick and vile thoughts that could have actually been created, which will create a bigger effect on the audience. This is also a typically known generic horror movie convention that is used widely throughout horror movies.

Ivan Illych essays

Ivan Illych essays In the Bible the Pharisees were the Jewish upper class. They socialized with the Roman governors and Israels finest citizens. The Pharisees were the richest and most educated men in the area; they were also the leaders in the Hebrew society. They appeared to be the most successful men of their day, but in reality it was all a smoke screen they used to look successful. The Bible shows that they were hypocrites who only cared for themselves. The Pharisees did not care about their families or their religion. In one instance Jesus was preaching to a crowd of people and said, Everything they do is done for men to see (Matthew 23:5). The Pharisees only about how people saw them. Leo Tolstoys novella The Death of Ivan Ilych focuses on a modern Pharisee. In the story Ivan Ilychs self-centered formula for success was really a failure. Ivan failed in his family and official life. He also placed too much emphasis on material possessions, and he ruined his social life. Part of Ivan Ilychs formula for success was to make others think he had the perfect family, but his family was only for show. Ivan married Praskovya Fedornva for social acceptance and not love. When Ivan decides to get married Tolstoy tells us, To say that Ilych married because he fell in love with Praskovya Fedornva and found that she sympathized with his views of life would be as incorrect as to say that he married because his social circle approved (525). A lot of successful people marry women they dont love because it makes them look good. In the story the only reason Ivan married Praskovya was to improve his social standing in his community. Ivan did not care Praskovya; he only cared about making himself look successful in societys eyes. Another problem with his family life was that Ivan substituted his work for his family. As his family life started to become difficult Ivan trans...

Personality and the Workplace Paper Situational Analysis Essay

Personality and the Workplace Paper Situational Analysis - Essay Example For the purpose of this study, humanistic or existential will be the personality perspective in focus. The scenario will involve two parties of equal rank who will develop a conflict based on perceived socio-cultural differences. Both of them are associated to cultural groups, have had no significant histories of conflict with co-workers and are both being considered for promotion. Humanistic perspective will be applied to the analysis of the scenario with a particular focus on how personality affected the situation. In doing so, recommendations for the resolution of the existing conflict and preventing future ones can be determined. The conflict develops between the Product Development Manager (PDM) and the Sales Manager (SM) of a company due to the former's proposition that the new product, a new type of breakfast cereal should acquire halal certification. The PDM believes that gaining such a certification, reflecting that the product conforms to Muslim religious conditions for food preparations will reflect the product's sensitivity to the Muslim community and follow the merchandising strategies being implemented by international retail companies (Patton, 2006). However, the SM believes that because of considering the existing delay in the launching of the product, the certification has to be foregone and furthermore, he believes that the certification will not impact significantly the sales performance of the product which he considered as his primary priority. Interview of both managers reveal that though they often have had to work together, they have little knowledge of the other's private life. Upon further review, there seems to be also little common ground in their backgrounds. The PDM migrated to the country from Pakistan in his teens with his family because of threats of violence from extremist Muslims. His father supported their family by being through his professorship in one of the city's leading universities. He grew up in a traditional household and has had strong ties to the Muslim community particularly in the promoting cultural and social awareness. He believes strongly in social and religious tolerance and often deliberately avoids having to voice out personal opinions on sensitive socio-cultural issues. In contrast, the SM has been often described as and "all-American guy". He grew up in a predominantly Caucasian community and has strong ties with community through his involvement in local sports and recreation clubs. His interest in business was encouraged by his parents, both of whom had very successful business careers. He is very task-oriented, young in comparison to the other managers, has very strong opinions and does not hesitate to express himself. Analysis In the case presented, the contrasting personalities of the PDM and SM contribute to their conflict. Since part of conflict is being attributed to race, ethnicity or culture, there is heightened sensitivity in the reaction of the parties involved (Kibria, 2000). Because these factors are considered intimately with identity and self-esteem, communication and interaction can be significantly impeded (Reeve, 2005). Current research show that personality interaction is greatly influenced by external factors, particular if such factors impact social perceptions or characterizations (Biesanz et al,

The Collection of Solid Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Collection of Solid Waste - Essay Example The collection of solid waste can also be carried out using public bin collection, where people may carry the garbage to a bin made of concrete. People discharge the solid waste using closed containers for disposing wastes; these containers may include plastic bags. Stationery trailers may also be used for the collection and disposition of solid waste. In this case, a trailer may be parked at a certain location in some days, and people go and discharge the waste they have into the trailer. Solid waste can also be collected through the use of dumpster collection. This involves a situation whereby waste may be transferred either by means of forklift or through hydraulic means to the collection vehicle (Anand, 2010).Solid waste may also be collected through repair and reuse, a situation that entails the refurbishment of items such as bedding, toys, and clothing. Materials that might become solid wastes or have already become waste can also be collected through recycle and new product fe edstock. The materials undergo the processes of sorting and processing for the purpose of manufacturing new products. The solid waste creates new products upon recycling and these reduce the wastage and misuse of virgin resources. The collection of solid waste can also take place through such processes as mulch and compost. This details the decomposition of solid waste, which may include yard trimmings and food scraps. After decomposition, these solid organic wastes produce soil additives and natural fertilizers.

Music Therapy and Intellectual Development Essay

Music Therapy and Intellectual Development - Essay Example According to the Canadian Association For Music Therapy (1994), music therapy is the use of music and musical instruments to encourage, uphold and restore mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual health. Key object of this text is to demonstrate effectiveness of music therapy in encouraging cognitive, perceptual, social, learning, and emotional development among children in order to facilitate intellectual development. Appeals to Ethos It is important to start by noting that music therapy is an established health profession which utilizes clinical and evidenced based music intervention to accomplish personalised objectives within a therapeutic intervention. Music therapy can be taken from any place considering that there is no distinctive environment for the therapeutic environment (Green, 1994). It is advisable that before highlighting the needed treatment the qualified music therapist must first assess the strengths and needs of the client in question. Key among the treatment pro vided by the music therapists include but not limited listening to music, creating, singing, and/or moving to music. It is noteworthy that music therapy has no age restriction (Teppo, 2010). ... Additionally music plays a significant role in promoting a positive state of mind which is important in suppressing psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and stress. Above all music is important for improving learning abilities especially among children with speech, concentration, social and cognitive challenges. By allowing young children to engage in music therapy which in most cases will involve re-creating and listening to music these children may end up improving the intellectual prowess in varied ways particularly those relating to speech, language and cognitive development. Appeals to Pathos It is unfortunate that several students at tender age get to school with various cognitive language, emotional and language problems. Such challenges have always curtailed effective performance of such students in class exercises and general academic exams. Such students with learning disabilities always lag behind their peers with effective intellectual disabilities. Effect ive integration of music in the school curriculum at early childhood will undoubtedly promote a learning environment that motivate all the children irrespective of their deficiencies wants to engage in learning process. These children who require extra assistance in areas of socialization, motor development, speech and language, self expression, and cognition must be given an opportunity to engage in early childhood music therapy (Barbara & Ray, 2000). This exercise will enable such disabled children to improved their intellectual development and hence compete effectively. Appeals to Logos It is common knowledge that a child may not develop intellectually if he/she is experiencing cognitive,

Atomic model

Atomic model History of the Atomic Model The atomic model is not a concrete, one-hundred percent accurate depiction of the atom or description of what the atom is like. We cant base our model on actual observations of atoms, because they are too small to be seen with our most sensitive instruments. Instead, we must come up with a model of an atom that can account for and explain observations that we can actually see. As new observations are made over time, by scientists Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr, the model of the atom has evolved over time. Democritus is credited with coming up with the term atom in 400 BC. He wanted to know what would happen if you kept breaking down something into smaller and smaller pieces. Could you keep breaking it down into smaller and smaller pieces? Democritus determined that if you kept breaking down the object, you would get it to a size that could no longer be broken. This was called the indivisible piece by the Greeks. In Greek, â€Å"atomos† meant indivisible. Thus, the indivisible piece became termed â€Å"the atom† for short (CompSoc). In the late 1700s, multiple scientists studied reactions and conducted controlled experiments, leading to new ideas that set the foundation for the development of more accurate atomic theories and models In the early 1800s, John Dalton, an observer of weather and discoverer verify of the Law of Conservation of Mass among other things, was one of those scientists who performed controlled experiments and came up with a different atomic theory. He proved that matter cannot be created or destroyed by ordinary chemical or physical reactions and devised a conjecture in an attempt to explain how and why elements would combine with one another in fixed ratios and sometimes also in multiples of those ratios. He noted that oxygen and carbon combined to make two compounds. He discovered that for the same amount of carbon, one had exactly twice as much oxygen as the other (De Leon, N). This led him to propose the Law of Multiple Proportions, which states that when two or more elements form more than one compound, the ratio of the weights of one element that combine with a given weight of another element in the different compounds is a ratio of small whole numbers. For example, C and O can form b oth CO and CO2. The Law of Multiple Proportions can be regarded as an extension of the early Law of Definite Proportions, which states that the proportions by weight of the elements present in any pure compound are always the same. For example, NaCl will always be 39.3 percent Sodium and 60.! Percent Chlorine. His atomic theory, stated that elements consisted of tiny particles called atoms. He said that the reason an element is pure is because all atoms of an element were identical and that in particular they had the same mass. He also said that the reason elements differed from one another was that atoms of each element were different from one another; in particular, they had different masses (De Leon, N). This finding, however, was later proved wrong by further studies that demonstrated how atoms of the same element could differ: atoms could be either isotopes or ions. He also said that compounds consisted of atoms of different elements combined together in whole number ratios. Compounds are pure substances because the atoms of different elements are bonded to one another somehow, perhaps by hooks, and are not easily separated from one another. In fact, he stated that atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed. Later experiments however, also proved this finding wrong in that nucle ar reactions can split an atom. Compounds have constant composition because they contain a fixed ratio of atoms and each atom has its own characteristic weight, thus fixing the weight ratio of one element to the other. In addition he said that chemical reactions involved the combination, separation and rearrangement of combinations of those atoms (Doblecki). In other words, Daltons model was that the atoms were tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles and that each one had a certain mass, size, and chemical behavior that was determined by what kind of element they were Dalton did not convince everyone right away, however. Although a number of chemists were quickly convinced of the truth of the theory, JJ Thomson believed otherwise. In 1897, he accidentally discovered the electron through a series of experiments designed to study the nature of electric discharge in a high-vacuum cathode-ray tube—an area being investigated by numerous scientists at the time. Thomson had an inkling that the ‘rays emitted from the electron gun were inseparable from the latent charge, and decided to try and prove this by using a magnetic field. His first experiment was to build a cathode ray tube with a metal cylinder on the end. This cylinder had two slits in it, leading to electrometers, which could measure small electric charges. He found that by applying a magnetic field across the tube, there was no activity recorded by the electrometers and so the charge had been bent away by the magnet. This proved that the negative charge and the ray were inseparable and intertwined (Encyclopedia Britannica) He did not stop there, and developed a second stage to the experiment, to prove that the rays carried a negative charge. To prove this hypothesis, he attempted to deflect them with an electric field. Earlier experiments had failed to back this up, but Thomson thought that the vacuum in the tube was not good enough, and found ways to greatly improve the quality. For this, he constructed a slightly different cathode ray tube, with a fluorescent coating at one end and a near perfect vacuum. Halfway down the tube were two electric plates, producing a positive anode and a negative cathode, which he hoped would deflect the rays. As he expected, the rays were deflected by the electric charge, proving beyond doubt that the rays were made up of charged particles carrying a negative charge (Doblecki). He discovered the electron! In his third experiment, he used scientific deduction by performing a series of interconnected experiments, gradually accumulating data and proving a hypothesis. He decided to try to work out the nature of the particles. They were too small to have their mass or charge calculated directly, but he attempted to deduce this from how much the particles were bent by electrical currents, of varying strengths. Thomson found out that the mass to charge ratio was so high that the particles either carried a huge charge, or were a thousand time smaller than a hydrogen ion. He decided upon the latter and came up with the idea that the cathode rays were made of particles that emanated from with the atoms themselves. Thomson took the idea of the atom and tried to incorporate the evidence for the electron. In the diagram on the right, the electrons are the small things and the rest of the stuff is some positive matter. This is commonly called the plum pudding model because the electrons are like things in positive pudding. The plums were negative because cathode rays deflected towards the positive end. The pudding was defined by Thomson as the empty space that surrounded electrons because the overall charge of the atom had to be neutral, so he deductively reasoned that this space had to be positive In 1911, Ernest Rutherford, under the theory that atoms are uniform in structure, said â€Å"hey, I think I will shoot some stuff at atoms.† So he did. He fired radioactive particles through minutely thin metal foils (notably gold) and detected them using screens coated with zinc sulfide (a scintillator). He thought to himself, â€Å"If you shoot these positive alpha particles at this positive pudding atom, they should mostly bounce off, right?† Well, that is not what happened. Although some of them did bounce back, Rutherford found that most of the alpha particles— one in eight-thousand— went right through the foil (Chemical Heritage Foundation). He said, â€Å"It was as if you fired a 15 inch artillery shell at a piece of tissue paper and it bounced back and hit you†. His experiment became famously known as the gold foil experiment. How could that be if the plumb pudding model was correct? Rutherfords experiment prompted a change in the atomic mod el. After two years of contemplating the results of his experiment, he came up with a new atomic theory. His atomic theory described the atom as having a densely packed central positive nucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons (Chemical Heritage Foundation). He concluded that the center repelled the electrons. This model suggested that most of the mass of the atom was contained in the small nucleus, and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space (Doblecki). Niels Bohr proposed yet another atomic model in 1915, which was a simplified picture of an atom known as the Bohr Model that stemmed from previous studies by Max Planck and Albert Einstein. Max Planck presented a theoretical explanation of the spectrum of radiation emitted by an object that glows when heated. He argued that the walls of a glowing solid could be imagined to contain a series of resonators that oscillated at different frequencies. These resonators gain energy in the form of heat from the walls of the object and lose energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation (Doblecki). The energy of these resonators at any moment is proportional to the frequency with which they oscillate . Albert Einstein extended Plancks work to the light that had been emitted. Einstein suggested that light behaved as if it was a stream of small bundles, or packets, of energy (MacTutor). In other words, light was quantized, or countable Bohr then took Plancks and Einsteins findings on energy and developed an atomic theory that is similar to quantum mechanics, the correct theory of the atom, but is much simpler. In the Bohr Model the neutrons and protons, symbolized by red and blue balls, occupy a dense central region called the nucleus, and the electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets orbiting the Sun. He found that electrons travel in stationary orbits defined by their angular momentum. This led to the calculation of possible energy levels for these orbits and the postulation that the emission of light occurs when an electron moves into a lower energy orbit (MacTutor). Calculations based on Bohrs model determined that the shapes of the orbitals of the electrons vary according to the energy state of the electron. Bohr discovered that different electrons have different energies. The lowest energy state is generally termed the ground state. The states with successively more energy than the ground state are called the first excited state, the second excited state, and so on. Then, when an electron moves back to its normal energy level, it releases electromagnetic energy Finally, we have reached the electron cloud model, which the current atomic model used today in scientific, educational and research settings. The electron cloud model is a model of the atom where the electrons are no longer depicted as particles moving around the nucleus in a fixed manner, like in the Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr models. Instead, the electron cloud model does not illustrate exactly where electrons are—their probable location can only be described as around the nucleus only as an arbitrary cloud (Science Encyclopedia). The nucleus contains both protons and neutrons, while the electrons float about outside of the nucleus. Within the nucleus, the probability of finding an electrons is .00, but within the electron cloud there is a high probability of finding electrons As I stated earlier, however, the atomic model is not a concrete, one-hundred percent accurate depiction of the atom or description of what the atom is like. We cannot base our model on actual observations of atoms, because they are too small to be seen even with our most sensitive instruments. Thus, this current atomic model is most likely to change in the future, as technology advances and scientists continue in-depth research and experimentation. Most likely, students papers a few years from now will need to be twelve pages instead of six to outline the history of the ever-changing atomic model.

Benjamin Franklin Essays -- essays papers

Benjamin Franklin Who was he? In reading the Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography one can see the true character of a great man. But some may argue that this man, deep down inside, was not so great. Through out his book he touches on many aspects of his life. He lets the readers have a glimpse at what he was thinking and why he did things the way he did. Some critics do not agree that Franklin was such a noble man. They thought he might not have been telling his whole story, and that he was hiding a lot he had to offer. This paper will look at how one critic portrays Franklin---" Benjamin had no concern, really, for the immortal soul. He was too busy with the social man (292)." This critic is D.H. Lawrence. In Lawrence's piece he disagrees on what Franklin believes in and what his standards are. Most of Lawrence's argument comes from a disagreement with how Franklin expresses how he works to what he really does when he works. He thinks Franklin is more of a social man, a man of himself, more than man of the people. Lawrence has looked at how Franklin didn’t come to invent thi...