What Are the Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse

Conditional statements make appearances everywhere. In mathematics or elsewhere, it doesn’t take long to run into something of the form â€Å"If P then Q.† Conditional statements are indeed important. What is also important are statements that are related to the original conditional statement by changing the position of P, Q and the negation of a statement. Starting with an original statement, we end up with three new conditional statements that are named the converse, the contrapositive, and the inverse. Negation Before we define the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of a conditional statement, we need to examine the topic of negation. Every statement in logic is either true or false. The negation of a statement simply involves the insertion of the word â€Å"not† at the proper part of the statement. The addition of the word â€Å"not† is done so that it changes the truth status of the statement. It will help to look at an example. The statement â€Å"The right triangle is equilateral† has negation â€Å"The right triangle is not equilateral.† The negation of â€Å"10 is an even number† is the statement â€Å"10 is not an even number.† Of course, for this last example, we could use the definition of an odd number and instead say that â€Å"10 is an odd number.† We note that the truth of a statement is the opposite of that of the negation. We will examine this idea in a more abstract setting. When the statement P is true, the statement â€Å"not P† is false. Similarly, if P is false, its negation â€Å"not ​P† is true. Negations are commonly denoted with a tilde ~. So instead of writing â€Å"not P† we can write ~P. Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse Now we can define the converse, the contrapositive and the inverse of a conditional statement. We start with the conditional statement â€Å"If P then Q.† The converse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If Q then P.†The contrapositive of the conditional statement is â€Å"If not Q then not P.†The inverse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If not P then not Q.† We will see how these statements work with an example. Suppose we start with the conditional statement â€Å"If it rained last night, then the sidewalk is wet.† The converse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If the sidewalk is wet, then it rained last night.†The contrapositive of the conditional statement is â€Å"If the sidewalk is not wet, then it did not rain last night.†The inverse of the conditional statement is â€Å"If it did not rain last night, then the sidewalk is not wet.† Logical Equivalence We may wonder why it is important to form these other conditional statements from our initial one. A careful look at the above example reveals something. Suppose that the original statement â€Å"If it rained last night, then the sidewalk is wet† is true. Which of the other statements have to be true as well? The converse â€Å"If the sidewalk is wet, then it rained last night† is not necessarily true. The sidewalk could be wet for other reasons.The inverse â€Å"If it did not rain last night, then the sidewalk is not wet† is not necessarily true. Again, just because it did not rain does not mean that the sidewalk is not wet.The contrapositive â€Å"If the sidewalk is not wet, then it did not rain last night† is a true statement. What we see from this example (and what can be proved mathematically) is that a conditional statement has the same truth value as its contrapositive. We say that these two statements are logically equivalent. We also see that a conditional statement is not logically equivalent to its converse and inverse. Since a conditional statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent, we can use this to our advantage when we are proving mathematical theorems. Rather than prove the truth of a conditional statement directly, we can instead use the indirect proof strategy of proving the truth of that statement’s contrapositive. Contrapositive proofs work because if the contrapositive is true, due to logical equivalence, the original conditional statement is also true. It turns out that even though the converse and inverse are not logically equivalent to the original conditional statement, they are logically equivalent to one another. There is an easy explanation for this. We start with the conditional statement â€Å"If Q then P†. The contrapositive of this statement is â€Å"If not P then not Q.† Since the inverse is the contrapositive of the converse, the converse and inverse are logically equivalent.

Elements of the Statement of Work Essay Example

Essays on Elements of the Statement of Work Essay The paper "Elements of the Statement of Work" is an outstanding example of an essay on finance and accounting. The statement  of work comprises of ideological issues related to the purpose of the intended activity. A number of deliberations must be taken in order to have an effective statement of work. This paper will focus on elements of the Statement of Work considered necessary for the purchasing of services of financial auditors to help with the annual audit.  In order to determine the elements necessary to purchase a financial auditor, a number of things must be prioritized. It would be vital to outline the required major deliverables and a timeline of when they are expected (Michael, 2008). This should be in line with the tasks involved in delivering these deliverables. In light of this, resources required need to be identified, together with the party involved for settling down the costs.The organization should consider having a statement of work on the basis of its effect iveness. In this regard, the process should indicate the degree to which the process output conforms to what is right for the organization. If the intended purpose of the process of the audit is not clearly stated, the results of the process may not be necessary. Moreover, the process must be efficient; this is the degree to which the process of audit produces the required output in relation to resource cost (Kerzner, 2009). The output should have minimum resource cost. In addition, the process should assure the quality of the required expectations. There is a need to have a process that measures whether the intended work can be done correctly and on time. Since the audit might produce a report implicating some employees of the organization, the process should take care of the overall health of the organization including the working environment of its employees. A clear evaluation of the effects of the activity and its outcome should conform to the goals of the organization (Spitzer , 2007). In fact, the evaluation and the decision to hire audit services should be based on the value-added by the process.   With such deliberations and in situations where the organization’s financial status review has taken a long time without evaluation, the financial auditor may be needed to assist the organization in preparation of the fund accountability statement in reference to the books and records maintained by the organization (Pickett, 2010). This means that the auditor must review direct and indirect costs billed to by the organization. In addition, the auditor must review general and program ledgers to determine the authenticity of documentation of costs. The audit must also provide a detailed procurement review on whether sound commercial practices such as competition, prices, and adequate control were employed in line with quantities and qualities received.Remuneration of employees is also a vital component of the audit report which the audit must have the capacity to review. The audit must determine whether salary rates are reasonable for the positions held by the employees, and in accordance with the laws and regulations (Pickett, 2010). Another component of the audit review that the audit must review is the organization's assets. The auditor must have the capacity to determine whether assets were used according to the terms of related agreements. In addition to this, the audit must determine whether the technical assistance and services used by the organization are used for their intended purposes (Pickett, 2010).ConclusionA statement of work should contain different elements of considerations for the intended activity to be employed by the organization. In regard to the purchasing of services of financial auditors to help with the annual audit, it would be vital to outline the effectiveness of the financial auditors, how efficient the process of financial audit can be, and above all, the value added by the financial audit services .

Natural Disasters and Health Care Free Essays

Impact of Natural Disasters on Health Care Submitted by – Dalton Divakaran MS Health Care Management University of Texas at Dallas Index Introduction Types of Disasters Effects of Disaster on Economy Effect of Disaster on Health Care Organization * Sudden Influx * Damage to Facilities * Inadequately Prepared * Specialty Treatment Availability Effects on the Population * Immediate Health Impact * Long-Term Impacts Steps in Disaster Management * Mitigation * Preparedness * Response * Recovery Real Incident Study * Background: * Immediate Response Considerations: * Evacuation: Special Immediate Concerns: * Recovery Process: * Facility Considerations: * Lessons Learned at This Point in Response/Recovery: * Takeaways from this incident: Conclusion References Introduction According to dictionary. com Disasters means â€Å"a calamitous event, especially one occurring suddenly and causing great loss of life, damage, or hardship, as a flood†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Disasters such as Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, tornados, epidemic disease outbreaks and more can damage any population and have a tremendous effect on the health care organizations that respond. Many health care organizations face major challenges during natural disasters. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many different causes for those challenges. According to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, in 2002, international disasters affected 608 million people and killed more than 24,000. The recent natural disaster in the United States for this year 2011(May 22, 2011) was the tornado Joplin in Missouri; 160 fatalities were reported in this natural disaster. Types of Disasters I. Natural disasters E. g. : Avalanches, Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions. II. Hydrological disasters E. g. : Floods, Tsunamis. III. Meteorological disasters E. g. : Blizzards, Cyclonic storms, Droughts, Hailstorms, Heat waves, Tornadoes, Fires. IV. Health disasters E. g. : Epidemics, Famines V. Space disasters E. g. : Impact events, Solar flares, Gamma ray burst. VI. Technological disasters: E. g. : Chemical spills. VII. Complex emergencies: E. g. : Civil wars and conflicts. Effects of Disaster on Economy Developing countries suffer more economic losses than developed countries. The common factor is that, the poor are the ones who suffer the most, in both developed and developing nations. Although the total economic loss in dollars is greater in developed countries, the percentage of losses relative to the gross national product in developing countries far exceeds that of developed nations. Technological disasters and complex emergencies are not easily predictable. The major source of disasters in the 21st century may be due to rapid increase of Technological hazards, unregulated industrialization of developing countries and the globalization of the chemical industry. Effect of Disaster on Health Care Organization Sudden Influx * The biggest challenge after an aftermath is to provide emergency treatment. The sudden influx of patients to a facility and the need for emergency responders in many places at the same time puts a strain on the health care organizations in the local area. Outside sources like the Red Cross would pitch-in for help in rescue and relief operations in the following days of the incident. However, the responsibility of handling the initial emergency care lies with the local health care departments. Damage to Facilities * The other effects of natural disaster are the lossdegrading of equipment and facility due to sudden spurt in the patients handled at the same time. The demand for all possible medical resources is the possibility that some of the resources may not be available because of direct damage from the natural disaster itself. For example floods may disrupt power supply required to run many equipments at the rescue center. Inadequately Prepared * Even though areas are more susceptible to certain natural disasters, such as earthquakes along a fault line or tornados in the South, they still strike with little or no warning. This throws the health care’s schedule out of the ordinary routine. The facility may not be completely prepared for what comes next. Emergency preparedness plans improve the chances that the organization will be able to respond effectively in the event of a natural disaster, whatever said and done it is never a guarantee that when and what magnitude a calamity occurs. Specialty Treatment Availability * Some disasters are not common like the storms, earthquakes and tsunamis. Epidemic outbreaks of infectious disease are something which needs utmost care to stop them from spreading to the others. It is not just to take care of emergency relief but also to quickly and efficiently protect the rest of the population. It is more challenging when there is no existing vaccine or known treatment. At this instance the role of health care organizations becomes even more important. These organizations must work to treat the patients and protect themselves while labs attempt to figure out a way to stop the infection from spreading. Effects on the Population A population’s vulnerability to all types of disasters depends on demographic growth, settlement in unsafe areas, environmental degradation, the pace of urbanization, unplanned development and climate change. Poverty thrives due to lack of access to healthy and safe environment. Poor education and awareness also poises risk to population. The effects of disaster on population can be broadly categorized into: 1. Immediate Health Impact 2. Long-Term Impacts These are explained below: Immediate Health Impact Short-term losses fall under three categories that have both direct and indirect effects: I. Disability, Illness, and Death; II. Direct losses in infrastructure; and III. Loss or disruption in health care delivery. Long-Term Impacts It is primarily a matter of building institutional ability and human resources, and includes: I. Identifying vulnerability to natural hazards or other calamities; II. Building simple solutions for such occurrence in the future; III. Initiating a changedevelopment among the main factors to develop a basic plan that outlines the responsibilities of each factor in the health sector, identifying possible overlaps or gaps and building a consensus to create an effective healthcare system; IV. Maintaining close collaboration with these main factors; and V. Educating the first health responders and managers to face the special challenges of responding to disasters. Steps in Disaster Management * Mitigation – To minimize the effects of disaster. Examples: Zoning; Vulnerability analyses; Public education. * Preparedness – Planning how to respond. Examples: Preparedness plans; Emergency exercises/training; Warning systems. * Response – Efforts in minimizing the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: Search and rescue; Emergency relief, Finding alternative sources for relief. * Recovery – Restore the community or organization to business as usual. Examples: Temporary housing; Grants; Medical care. Mitigation Preparedness Response Recovery Fig: Phases of Disaster Management Mitigation Mitigation is to reduce the intensity of a risk. Mitigation activity decreases the probably of the same disaster reoccurring. It includes vulnerability analyses updates; zoning and land use management; building use regulations and safety codes; preventive health care; and public education. Preparedness Preparedness is to have the health care crew on toes during an emergency situation. It is to achieve a level of readiness to handle any emergency situations. Preparedness can take form of education of rescue elief during emergencies. This may include rehearsals as well. Also it helps to ensure an optimum reserve of medicine, food, water, equipments and other essentials maintained for emergencies. Like mitigation activities, preparedness actions also depend on the appropriate measures in national and regional development plans. Response Response is to react to emergency situations to maintain life, sustain injuries and support the morale of the affected. It also includes providing transport, temporary shelter and food for the affected. Charitable organizations often play a major role in this phase of the disaster management cycle. Recovery Recovery is to bring back the affected population to normal life. Recovery measures both short and long term, include restoring life with minimum operating standard, temporary shelter, reconstruction and economic impact studies . This period brings many opportunities to boost prevention, increase vigilance and thus reducing helplessness. Real Incident Study August 2, 2011 Medical Response to Joplin Tornado May 22, 2011 Background: A tornado warning was issued by the National Weather Services on May 22, 2011 at 5:17 p. m. The tornado was rated an EF-5 with winds exceeding 200 mph. It traveled from west to east along 32nd street cutting a path ? to 1 mile wide over 13. 8 miles. The tornado eye was approximately 300 yards wide. Mercy St. Johns Hospital took a direct hit, initial and secondary, on the west facade with duration of approximately 45 seconds. There was a pause as the eye passed through the facility. * 160 deaths in the community resulted from this storm. * 8000 structures were destroyed. 400 businesses destroyed, * 8 school buildings destroyed, * 18,000 vehicles destroyed and * 4,500 jobs displaced. When St. Johns took the direct hit from the tornado initially the generators were destroyed, the roof was destroyed and most of which landed in the parking lots and on top of other facility equipment. All communications was immediately lost. The facility fire suppression sprinklers discharged and lines were broken. Several walls and floors were damaged. Doors were torn from their hinges, all of the glass was blown out of the building except the high impact shatter resistant glass in the psychiatric ward, gas lines were broken, sewer lines were destroyed with raw sewage projected throughout the facility, and 86 medical offices were destroyed. The oxygen tank was severely damaged and discharged all of the liquid oxygen. There was a strong smell of natural gas throughout the building and all over the campus. Water discharged by the fire suppression system left the rooms and hallways with 3 to 6 inches of standing water. The air evacuation helicopter was destroyed. Typically the helicopter would have been moved to a local airport; however, the storm track did not predict impact to the hospital and there weather conditions prevented safe flight. All Hospital’s vehicles, except a John Deere tractor, were destroyed and the emergency trailer was found in pieces several blocks away. Everyone in the facility panicked that they were going to die, nurses evacuated patients to the hallways per their procedures and at the time of impact nurses covered patients with their bodies to offer as much protection as possible. IV’s were ripped from patients’ arms, the IV poles became projectiles, and several patients were bleeding as a result. The ceilings collapsed, electrical, IT, and HVAC equipment dropped and littered the hallways. All emergency lights and exit signs were ripped from their mounts and were useless. Both incident command centers were destroyed and Emergency Operations Plans (EOP) lost in the debris. The facility was filled with hazardous waste and the radioactive material was unsecured. Outside debris was mixed and power lines were down. Note: If the tornado had moved just two blocks south Freeman would also have been destroyed. Freeman did suffer some physical damage that resulted in internal evacuation of at least 6 patient rooms. Immediate Response Considerations: There were many immediate considerations that had to be made. If the generators were started, then there was an extremely high probability of electrocution and possible explosion from natural gas. Various ways for communication should be arranged. Communications is not yet interoperable. Security forces and public safety could not communicate with each other due to variation is radio systems. Ambulance radios became the communication infrastructure during the initial response. Staff management is vital. Sufficient staff should be available for relief. Drug dispensing machines are useless in this type of a disaster. Staff had to break into the machines to gain access to life saving drugs. ID badges need to be backed up with wallet identification cards for employees. Several staff members lost their homes and automobiles and the badges went with them in many cases. National Guard troops refused to allow staff into the area because of no identification. Pharmacies need to be guarded with armed security. Have strong security so that people won’t run away with cars they do not own. The hospital needs access to several utility terrain vehicles (UTV) for equipment and patient transport. Same uniform, common identification and common radio frequencies are required for the security team for easy identity. Remember that even the staffs require food, water and rest. Evacuation: Within a few hours St. Johns evacuated 183 patients, completed one surgical case while the storm was in progress, had 1 patient in the PACU, 24 ED patients and 28 critical care patients were among the evacuees. Evacuation was a tough job. This rescue team used what is described as the reverse START process found in our evacuation plan. The team discharged most of the patients they could. Some had no home to go to and opted to stay in the health care system as long as possible. Patient tracking was a nightmare. It took about 4 days to positively locate all of the evacuated patients. Many were sent to hospitals a great distance from St. Johns. The usage of heliport was not practicable and two temporary heliports were constructed in the parking lot. Anything that could be used to move a patient was used. Hospital evacuation sleds, mattresses, doors, wheelchairs, and mattresses were used to move patients down 9 flights of stairs that were dark and littered with debris. The Hospital had three predetermined collection points (muster stations) to evacuate to. This helped them to identify the patients and giving accountability for staff. Special Immediate Concerns: Staffs and physician homes were looted while they were trying to save other. There were attempts to loot property and drugs from the hospital and physicians’ offices. Hospitals need deployable incident command centers rather than fixed. Intra-operation communications was an immediate and continuing concern. Security forces could not be identified since they came in variety of uniforms. There was no common identification and no common radio frequency. Hospitals need the ability to install at least a 6’ steel chain link fence around the perimeter as soon as possible following the initial event. Know your staff was personally affected by the storm, many lost family members and homes. Many were not prepared to see the level of trauma and had difficulty dealing with the reality of this event. Nearly all required debriefing and employee support services. Special equipments are required for immediate rescue. Know whom your local, state, and federal response partners are and have an established relationship with them prior to any event. In an event of this magnitude, if you try to survive in your facility you cannot do it. You will need to evacuate the facility as soon as safe to do so. Everyone should be included during the planning process. It is important to acknowledge that although a given natural disaster may last for only a short period; survivors can be involved with the disaster aftermath for months or even years. Recovery Process: The first step is security of the facility and campus. The next morning after the event the mass evacuation was complete and the facility was cleared. As stated earlier, contracted security forces need to be in the same uniform and on the same radio frequencies as the Hospital security forces so that the recovery process goes smooth. Arrangement for vehicles and fuel should be done and agreements must be in place to have them delivered from locations outside the affected area. The types of vehicles needed should be predetermined. The delivery mechanism should be established very effectively to even work without any phone service. Tent operations became the first means of providing medical services followed by portable facilities. Facility Considerations: During Disasters even emergency power outlets may not operate. Assuming you can use a power generator, consider the following facilities: * Camera’s intended for security purpose should be on power generator. Lighting on emergency power needs to be evaluated. * Exit signs, stairs should be marked with photo luminescent tape or paint. * Knowledge on how to shut down utilities and medical gases quickly and establish a protocol for this procedure. * Proper lightning should be maintained in parking lots and facility areas during recovery phase. * The facility should be considered unstable until cleared by structural engineers. * Secure wiring, HVAC components, piping and light fixtures correctly above ceilings. * Plan for rapid deployment and connection trailer mounted equipment, portable buildings, and portable equipment. Debris removal is lengthy and complex. Lessons Learned at This Point in Response/Recovery: * Intra department communication is a must. If the Hospital and response partners are not on common frequencies then effective communication will not be possible. * Purchase solar charging stations for cellular phones and radio batteries. * Social networks or texting services may not be available during disaster. Effective alternative ways to communicate should be taught to the staffs. * Telephone landlines and support from IT are vital. Electronic Medical Records were essential to the continuum of patient care and for identification of practitioners who were in the facility at the time of impact. * Know that your reserve supplie s will be inadequate or may be lost. A 96 hour cache of supplies may last as few as 4 hours because of the unanticipated demand. * If the generators operated the potential exists for several deaths by electrocution or explosion. * Stairwell lighting will be lost. JCMH egress lighting is all generator fed with no battery emergency lighting. * Manage staff and provide staff support, including mental health services. This will help them in taking quick decision. * Security of the building is critical. You have to protect your resources. * Badges will be lost during this type of event. Have wallet identification cards for your staff. Takeaways from this incident: * What you practice is what you do. * Knowledge of response partners, local, state, and federal. * Rehearsals with your community partners for rescue related activities. * Add patient slippers/shoes to your weather plan. Have on bed during Code Grey Level I. * Warehousing emergency supplies and to make it easily accessible even without transport facility. Have emergency kits throughout the facility with pens, pencils, paper, and medical record forms. Also include gloves, masks, flashlights, and batteries. * Develop a common triage tag and process. It is best to have a standard triage system. Share and follow it with all of the hospitals in your region. * You need to develop a rapid response team for security and a component of the securit y team will need to be armed. * Staff adequately during such events. * Efficient disbursement of supplies (Medicines, food etc) among staff for patient care and personal use. Consider staff physical and psychological needs – shift relief, food, rest, and debriefing. * Many storms usually have a follow- up storm and to be ready to minimize damage caused to structure and building (eg: Glass debris)during such events.. * The Joint Commission will arrive on site to assist with reestablishment of services and they proved to be a valuable resource. * Establish â€Å"Scrub Racks† with many sizes of scrubs to keep staff in suitable clothing. Conclusion Natural disasters are crisis situations. However, with planning, costly and ineffective interventions can be avoided. Improvisation and rush inevitably come with a high price, and there are many things health officials ought to avoid— preferential use of expatriate health professionals; emergency procurement and airlifting of food, water, and supplies that often are available locally or that remain in storage for long periods of time; the tendency to adopt dramatic measures— all contribute to making disaster relief one of the least cost effective health activities. . The occurrence of a major disaster can be the initial catalyst that helps health authorities recognize that disasters are a public health risk that must be addressed in an organized manner. Yet, preparedness cannot wait. A continual effort is needed to reduce possibility, by decreasing weakness through elimination and minimization and by increasing potential through ability methods. There needs to be a continuum between normal development, preparedness, and disaster response activities. Disasters are not likely to decrease in the foreseeable future. A sustained effort is needed to minimize risk, by reducing vulnerability through prevention and mitigation and by increasing capacity through preparedness measures. Disasters need to be addressed on a long-term and institutionalized basis through an established ministry of health program or department for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response for all types of disasters. References * Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: A practical guide. WHO, 2002. * Disaster Help, US Department of Homeland Security. * Green Paper on Disaster Management, Department of Provincial and Local Government, South Africa * http://www. ehow. com/list_6847852_effects-disasters-health-care-organizations. tml#ixzz1epfIqgRL * Guide to Emergency Management Planning in Health CareBy Joint Commission Resources, Inc * http://www. scsrc. org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Joplin_Tornado_Trip_Report. pdf * http://www. himss. org/content/files/ambulatorydocs/BridgeheadWhitePaper_HealthcareDisasterRecovery. pdf * http://www. healthcaredisasterplanning. org/ * http://www. sans. org/reading_room/whitepapers/hipaa/disaster-recovery-healthcare-organizations-impact -hipaa-security_1336 * http://pandemic. wisconsin. gov/docview. asp? docid=14447 * http://www. dcp2. org/file/121/ How to cite Natural Disasters and Health Care, Essay examples

Organization Development and Change Stakeholder Mental Model

Question: Discuss about theOrganization Development and Change for Stakeholder Mental Model. Answer: Analysis of Stakeholder Mental Model Income Inequality in Philippines Stakeholders Mental Models Identities (roles) assumed Assumptions Beliefs/ Values Attitudes/ typical behavior Government agencies -Peoples protector -Initiate projects to alleviate poverty -Will oversee fairness to all citizens. -Will act in the best interest of the people -Will not steal from the public covers -Will always act in neutrality to all people -Neutrality to all - Integrity -Impartiality - Not neutral to all - Community Groups and Civil Society Organization -Champions for the rights of the citizens. -raise concerns on behalf of the people should the government mistreats them. - Will always protect the poor -Integrity -Fairness -Neutral -Fair Political Parties -Champion for the rights of the citizens -Sponsors bills to help the poor -Will always advocate for its supporters - Partial -Equality -democratic - Not so democratic Government agencies always have a role of protecting her people and ensuring that all citizens regardless of social status receive equal treatment. It is assumed that the government always acts in the best interest of the people and beliefs in neutrality and integrity. But the attitude is always different especially after elections. Her decision making can be said to be hierarchical. More weight is given to the opinions of the senior government officials regarding the issues of income inequality in Philippines and any other government decision. Community groups and civil society organizations have strong identities in championing for the rights of the citizens especially the vulnerable in the society because most of them are formed for this purpose. They are assumed to always stand for the poor and protect them. They believe in equity and fairness for all and are very democratic and fair in what they do. The background here is that of egalitarianism has they involve everyone in decision they make. The Political parties are always overzealous on the rights of the people especial its supporters and have roles of sponsoring bills to parliament to champion for the rights of the poor.They are assumed to be advocate for their supporters and belief in equality and democracy. The political parties are not democratic in practice. Their view on one issue depends on their interests and political ambitions. They exhibit individualistic backgrounds norms and values. Critically Consider/ Briefly Describe/ State When tackling the wicked problem the government plays the role of policy development and resource allocation in a bid to resolve the issues of income inability in Philippines. The Civil groups agitate for these policy changes while the political parties sponsor the bills through their legislators in the parliament.(Proceedings of the joint AFAC, 2006) The new government is filled with rage and emotions because the previous regimes talked about reducing income inequality but it didnt. Same thing applies to the civil groups. They are rearing to make wholesale changes including bringing federal government to help distribute the resources and reduce income inequality among the poor and the rich. The political parties which make up the congress are accused of being corrupt and demanding money before supporting any bill. The espoused theories and theories-in use do not match perfectly because of the issue of corruption on the part of the politicians in congress. What needs to be done is the President to summon congress and persuade them into buying his idea of federal government. The entrenched undemocratic nature of the political parties hinders progress towards goal and this can be resolved through intense lobbying by the government in a good way for them to buy into the idea of supporting good deeds being done by the new government.( Bee, Berzins, Calam, Pryjmachuk, Abel, 2013) Looking at the issues raised on what the previous regimes have been doing or not been doing and bribery allegations against the congress and by extension the politicians, then it has been appreciated that the entrenched culture have a very strong bearing on the decisions and actions taken by any group will depend on its believes and values and measures have been suggested to mitigate them. The stakeholders are concerned on a number of issues which might hinder the process of bridging economic inequality in Philippines through the federal government. Concerns about if the congress will support the change in constitution - as it has a long history of opposing any change to the constitution - to create new system of government that will address the inequality in Philippines. The federal system of government which will ensure every part of the Philippines receive its fair share of the national resources. ("Journal of Political Economy", 2016) I t will require approximately one year to have all the discussions done with all the stake holders and also educate the public on the meaning of the new system of government being proposed. This will also provide ample time for budgetary allocations that will support the new government and thats fair enough. References Bee, P., Berzins, K., Calam, R., Pryjmachuk, S., Abel, K. (2013).Defining Quality of Life in the Children of Parents with Severe Mental Illness: A Preliminary Stakeholder-Led Model.Plos ONE, 8(9), e73739. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073739 Journal of Political Economy. (2016). Journal Of Political Economy, 124(4). https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/688673 Nassreddine, G. Anis, J. (2012). Stakeholder approach, Stakeholders mental model: A visualization test with cognitive mapping technique. Management Science Letters, 2(2), 439-456. https://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2012.01.012 Proceedings of the joint AFAC.(2006). [Melbourne, Vic.].